Unlike Earth, Mars has no global magnetic field to deflect radiation from the sun Science History Images / Alamy
A crewed mission to Mars would expose astronauts to radiation levels higher than the safe limits set by space agencies, even with metal shielding, simulations have revealed.
There have been real-world and simulated studies of radiation doses in space, but these tend to be either time-limited or restricted in scope, such as only accounting for specific organs or focusing on men only.
“Many calculations took a very simplistic approach, but we have done it in a …
